Los orígenes jurídicos del sistema político imperial español y su influencia en las Américas
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Published:
Oct 30, 2014
Keywords:
America eighteenth century political culture indigenous law Ibe-rian legal tradition scholastic humanism medieval law representation Atlantic Ibero-Americans
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Abstract
This paper examines the legal and political nature of the Spanish empire in America and its medieval origins. In order to offer a new approach to study the relationship between Spain and its American possessions, this paper proposes a review of the Spanish legal tradition. The study of the evolution of the concepts of sovereignty, representation and jurisdiction obtained to determine the constituent elements of the relationships between the various political entities as a mechanism for understanding the development of the political culture of Latin America. According to the characteristics of the political legal system in the colonial era, the dispensation of justice and judicial practice formed the core of the relationship between the imperial authority and its peripheries. The article argues that judicial practice was full of political meaning and became a means of inclusion and representation.
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References
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______, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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______, Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
______, The Kingdom of Quito, 1690-1830: The State and Regional Development, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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______, “Imperio, constitución y diversidad en la América hispana”, en Historia Mexicana, No. 1, vol. 58, 2008.
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Barrios, Feliciano, coord., “Derecho y administración pública en las Indias hispánicas”, en Actas del XII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano (Toledo, 19 a 21 de octubre de 1998), Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2002.
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______, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Canny, Nicholas, “The Origins of Empire: An Introduction”, en Nicholas Canny et al., edits., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. I, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Carro, Venancio, La teología y los teólogos-juristas españoles ante la conquista de América, Salamanca, Biblioteca de Teólogos Españoles, 1951.
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Chroust, Anton-Hermann, “The Philosophy of Law of St. Augustine”, en The Philosophical Review, No. 2, vol. 53, 1944.
Collins, Roger, “Visigothic Law and Regional Custom in Disputes in Early Medieval Spain”, en Wendy Davis et al., edits., The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe, vols. 85-104, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 1861.
De la Hera Pérez-Cuesta, Alberto, “El derecho de los indios a la libertad y a la fé”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, No. 26, 1956.
De Solórzano y Pereira, Juan, De Indiarum Iure: Liber II, De Acquisitione Indiarum, cap. 16-25, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.
______, De Indiarum Iure: Liber I: De Inquisitione Indiarum, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2001.
Díaz Martín, Luis Vicente, Los orígenes de la Audiencia Real Castellana, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, 1997.
Elliott, John Huxtable, Spain and its World, 1500-1700: Selected Essays, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989.
______, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006.
Fasano, Elena, “Center and Periphery”, en The Journal of Modern History. Supplement: The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, vol. 67, 1995.
Ferraro, Vincent, “Dependency Theory: An Introduction”, en The Ruth C. Lawson Professor of International Politics Mount Holyoke College, en [http://www.mtholyoke. edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm].
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______, Las bulas de Alejandro VI sobre el nuevo mundo descubierto por Colón, Madrid, Testimonio, 1992.
Gluckman, Max, Custom and Conflict in Africa, Nueva York, Barnes & Noble, 1964.
Góngora, Mario, Studies in the Colonial History of Spanish America, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Grossberg, Michael, Christopher L. Tomlins, y Anthony Pagden, “Law, Colonization, Legitimation, and the European Background”, en The Cambridge History of Law in America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Halpin, Andrew, “Law, Autonomy and Reason”, en Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, vol. 13, 2000.
Hanke, Lewis, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America, Filadelfia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.
Haring, Clarence Henry, The Spanish Empire in America, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 1947.
Hernández de Sánchez-Barba, Mario, Historia de América: América europea, Madrid, Alhambra, 1988 [2a. ed.].
Herzog, Tamar, “Sobre la cultura jurídica en la América colonial (siglos XVI-XVIII)”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, vol. 65, 1995.
______, Defining Nations: Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2003.
Hillgarth, J. N., “Spanish Historiography and Iberian Reality”, en History and Theory, No. 1, vol. 24, 1985.
Hobberman, Louisa, “Hispanic American Political Theory as a Distinct Tradition”, en Journal of the History of Ideas, No. 2, vol. 41, 1980.
Hodgkin, Thomas, “Visigothic Spain”, en The English Historical Review, No. 6, vol. 2, 1887.
Howe, William W., “The Law of Our New Possessions”, en The Yale Law Journal, No. 9, vol. 9, 1900.
Keen, Benjamin, “The Legacy of Bartolome de las Casas”, en Essays in the Intellectual History of Colonial Latin America, Boulder, Westview Press, 1988.
King, P. D., Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972.
Korman, Sharon, The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996.
Lear, Floyd Seyward, “The Public Law of the Visigothic Code”, en Speculum, No. 1, vol. 6, 1951.
Levene, Ricardo, “El Derecho consuetudinario y la doctrina de los juristas en la formación del Derecho indiano”, en The Hispanic American Historical Review, No. 2, vol. 3, 1920.
______, Las Indias no eran colonias, Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, 1951.
Lohman, Guillermo, Las ideas jurídico-políticas en la rebelión de Gonzalo Pizarro, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, 1977.
Lynch, John, “The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America”, en Journal of Latin American Studies. Quincentenary Suplement: The Colonial and Post Colonial Experience. Five Centuries of Spanish and Portuguese America, vol. 24, 1992.
______, Latin America between Colony and Nation. Selected Essays, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave, 2001.
MacCormack, Sabine, “Ubi Ecclesia? Perceptions of Medieval Europe in Spanish America”, en Speculum, No. 1, vol. 69, 1994.
______, “Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society”, en Comparative Studies in Society and History, No. 4, vol. 39, 1997.
MacKay, Angus, Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500, Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 1977.
MacLachlan, Colin, Spain’s Empire in the New World: The Role of Ideas in Institutional and Social Change, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988.
Madden, Marie R., Political Theory and Law in Medieval Spain, Nueva York, Fordham University Press, 2005 [1930].
Merriman, Roger Bigelow, “The Cortes of the Spanish Kingdoms in the Later Middle Ages”, en The American Historical Review, No. 3, vol. 16, 1911.
Muldoon, James, Popes, Lawyers, and Infidels: The Church and the Non-Christian World, 1250-1550, Filadelfia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.
______, The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification for Conquest in the Seventeenth Century, Filadelfia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.
Orlandis, José, “En torno a la noción visigoda de tiranía”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, No. 29, 1959.
______, “La problemática conciliar en el reino visigodo de Toledo”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, No. 48, 1978.
______, “Los laicos en los Concilios Visigóticos”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, No. 50, 1980.
Otero, Alfonso, “Sobre la plenitudo o potestatis y los reinos hispánicos”, en Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español, No. 34, 1964.
Ots Capdequi, J. M., El Estado español en las Indias, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica,1957 [3a. ed.].
Pagden, Anthony, The Fall of Natural Man. The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
______, Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination: Studies in European and Spanish- American Social and Political Theory, 1513-1830, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990.
Parry, J. H., The Spanish Theory of Empire, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1940.
Paulson, Stanley L., y Bonnie Litschewski Paulson, Normativity and Norms: Critical Perspectives on Kelsenian Themes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998.
Peloso, Vincent, “Dependency, History and Scholarship: An Interview with Professor Stanley J. Stein”, en The Americas, No. 3, vol. 66, 2010.
Pérez-Prendes y Muñoz de Arracó, José Manuel, La monarquía indiana y el estado de derecho, El Puig, Asociación Francisco López de Gómara, 1989.
Phelan, John Leddy, The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
Post, Gaines, “ ‘Blessed Lady Spain’ Vicentus Hispanus and Spanish National Imperialism in the Thirteenth Century”, en Speculum, No. 2, vol. 29, 1954.
Quattrocchi de Woisson, Diana, “Entrevista a Ruggiero Romano”, en Todo es historia, 1 de mayo de 1988, en [http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/entrevistas/r/romano. php].
Quijada, Mónica, “From Spain to New Spain: Revisiting the Potestas Populi in Hispanic Political Thought”, en Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, No. 2, vol. 24, 2008.
Rahilly, Alfred, “The Catholic Origin of Democracy”, en Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, No. 29, vol. 8, 1919.
Reynolds, Susan, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994.
Roa de la Carrera, Cristián Andrés, Histories of Infamy: Francisco López de Gómara and the Ethics of Spanish Imperialism, Boulder, University Press of Colorado, 2005.
Rodríguez, Jaime, The Independence of Spanish America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Romano, Ruggiero, y Alberto Teneti, Historia Universal, “Los fundamentos del mundo moderno”, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1980 [11a. ed.].
Roselly de Lorgues, Antoine-Franc?ois-Fe?lix, Historia de Cristóbal Colon y de sus viajes: escrita en francés según documentos auténticos sacados de España e? Italia, Cádiz, Eduardo Gautier, 1863 [2a. ed.].
Rubiés, Joan Pau, “La idea del gobierno mixto y su significado en la crisis de la Monarquía Hispánica”, en Historia Social, No. 24, 1996.
Sánchez Bella, Ismael, Nuevos estudios de derecho indiano, Pamplona, EUNSA, 1995.
Selección de las leyes de Indias: referentes a descubrimientos, colonización, pacificaciones, incremento de la riqueza, de la beneficencia y de la cultura, en los países de ultramar, Madrid, Imprenta Artística Sáez Hermanos, 1929.
Serrera, Ramón, La América de los Habsburgo (1517-1700), Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, 2011.
Simpson, Lesley Byrd, Gordon Griffiths, y Woodrow Borah, “Representative Institutions in the Spanish Empire of the Sixteenth Century”, en The Americas, No. 3, vol. 12, 1956.
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