Gestión de residuos sólidos urbanos y factores de desperdicio de alimentos en Quito
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32719/25506641.2024.16.3Palabras clave:
gestión, desperdicio, residuo, alimentos, composición orgánicaResumen
La composición orgánica del 65% de residuos sólidos urbanos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito proviene de restos de alimentos, lo que provoca efectos medioambientales negativos. El propósito de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que inciden en el desperdicio de alimentos en los hogares capitalinos y caracterizar la gestión de sus residuos sólidos urbanos. La investigación es cuantitativa de tipo exploratoria. Se realizó un análisis de asociación entre las principales variables categóricas mediante el cálculo del estadístico chi-cuadrado y una evaluación de correlación policórica. Se aplicaron análisis estadístico descriptivo y multiescala del enfoque del metabolismo social para caracterizar la gestión de residuos. Destaca la relación entre el gasto en compra de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas en el último mes —ingreso del hogar en el último mes (p valor < 5%). Entre 2012-2021, la mediana más representativa de generación de residuos corresponde a la administración Eugenio Espejo, con 141 470 t/año, y su tasa metabólica de residuos de 2,45E-05 t/año. En contraste, la administración Tumbaco obtuvo 30 217 t/año y 1,22E-05 t/año, respectivamente.
Descargas
Referencias
Abeliotis, Konstadinos, Katia Lasaridi y Christina Chroni. 2016. “Food Waste Prevention in Athens, Greece: The Effect of Family Characteristic Loss”. Waste Management & Research 34 (12): 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16672318.
Alamar, Maria del Carmen, Natalia Falagan, Emel Aktas y Leon Terry. 2018. “Minimising Food Waste: A Call for Multidisciplinary Research”. J Sci Food Agric 98 (1): 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8708.
Andreoni, Valeria. 2017. “Energy Metabolism of 28 World Countries: A Multi-scale Integrated Analysis”. Ecological Economics 142: 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.021.
Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica, Ilona de Hooge, Pegah Amani, Tino Bech-Larsen y Marije Oostindjer. 2015. “Consumer-Related Food Waste: Causes and Potential for Action”. Sustainability 7 (6): 6457-6477. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7066457.
Aydin, Asli Elif, y Pinar Yildirim. 2021. “Understanding Food Waste Behavior: The Role of Morals, Habits and Knowledge”. Journal of Cleaner Production 280: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124250.
Castillo, Marcelo. 2012. “Consultoría para la realización de estudio de caracterización de residuos sólidos urbanos domésticos y asimilables a domésticos para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito”. Accedido enero de 2022. https://bit.ly/3ImMOk8.
Cavaliere, Alessia, y Vera Ventura. 2018. “Mismatch Between Food Sustainability and Consumer Acceptance Toward Innovation Technologies Among Millennial Students: TheCase of Shelf Life Extension”. Journal of Cleaner Production 175: 641-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.087.
Cayumil, Romina, Rita Khanna, Yuri Konyukhov, Igor Burmistrov, Jumat Beisembekovich Kargin y Partha Sarathy Mukherjee. 2021. “An Overview on Solid Waste Generation and Management: Current Status in Chile”. Sustainability 13 (21): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111644.
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas. 2003. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-7507-9.X5000-1.
Cicatiello, Clara, Luca Secondi y Ludovica Principato. 2019. “Investigating Consumers’Perception of Discounted Suboptimal Products at Retail Stores”. Resources 8 (3): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030129.
Couper, Mick. 2000. “Web Surveys: a Review of Issues and Approaches”. Public Opin Q 64 (4): 464-494. https://bit.ly/3Ygd2uz.
D’Alisa, Giacomo, Maria Federica Di Nola y Mario Giampietro. 2012. “A Multi-scale Analysis of Urban Waste Metabolism: Density of Waste Disposed in Campania”. Journal of Cleaner Production 35: 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.017.
Das, Swapan, y Bidyut Kr Bhattacharyya. 2015. “Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Routes”. Waste Manag 43: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.033.
Diaz-Ruiz, Raquel, Montserrat Costa-Font, Feliu López-i-Gelats y José Gil. 2019. “Food Waste Prevention Along the Food Supply Chain: A Multi-actor Approach to Identify Effective Solutions”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 149: 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.031.
Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Aseo de Quito (EMASEO EP). 2021. “En 2020, EMASEOEP recogió alrededor de 713000 toneladas de residuos sólidos en el DMQ”. Accedido noviembre de 2021. https://bit.ly/3J8suVe.
Erasu, Duguma, Tesfaye Feye, Amaha Kiros y Abel Balew. 2018. “Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in Robe Town, Ethiopia”. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 68 (12): 1391-1397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1467351.
FAO. 2019. El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación. Progresos en la lucha contra la pérdida y el desperdicio de alimentos. Roma: FAO. https://bit.ly/41igWFS.
Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, y Helmut Haberl. 1997. “Tons, Joules, and Money: Modes of Production and their Sustainability Problems”. Society & Natural Resources 10 (1): 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941929709381009.
Flanagan, Angela, y Anushree Priyadarshini. 2021. “A Study of Consumer Behaviour Towards Food-Waste in Ireland: Attitudes, Quantities and Global Warming Potentials”. J Environ Manage 284: 112046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112046.
Fox, John. 2019. “Polychoric and Polyserial Correlations”. Accedido abril de 2022. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/polycor/index.html.
Gaiani, Silvia, Sandra Caldeira, Valentina Adorno, Andrea Segre y Matteo Vittuari. 2018.
“Food Wasters: Profiling Consumers’ Attitude to Waste Food in Italy”. Waste Manag 72: 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.012.
Giampietro, Mario, y Sandra Bukkens. 2015. “Analogy Between Sudoku and the Multi-scale
Integrated Analysis of Societal Metabolism”. Ecological Informatics 26: 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.07.007.
Giampietro, Mario, Kozo Mayumi y Jesús Ramos-Martín. 2009. “Multi-scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM): Theoretical Concepts and Basic Rationale”. Energy 34 (3): 313-322. https://doi.org10.1016/j.energy.2008.07.020.
Giampietro, Mario, Kozo Mayumi y Alevgül ?orman. 2013. Energy Analysis for a Sustainable Future: Multi-scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism: Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org10.1016/j.energy.2008.07.020.
Gupta, Deepa. 2013. Research Methodology. Nueva Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Joardder, Mohammad, y Mahadi Hasan Masud. 2019. Food Preservation in Developing
Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11530-2_2.
Kamarehie, Bahram, Ali Jafari, Mansour Ghaderpoori, Faramarz Azimi, Mohammad Faridan, Kiomars Sharafi, Fatemeh Ahmadi y Mohammad Amin Karami. 2020. “Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste in Iran for Implementation of Best Waste Management Practice: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (30): 37514-37526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10104-8.
Kawai, Kosuke, y Tomohiro Tasaki. 2015. “Revisiting Estimates of Municipal Solid Waste Generation Per Capita and Their Reliability”. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 18 (1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0355-1.
Kaza, Silpa, Lisa Yao, Perinaz Bhada-Tata y Frank Van Woerden. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Washington D.C.: Banco Mundial. https://bit.ly/2QP7rKe.
Leal Filho, Walter, Luciana Brandli, Harri Moora, Jolita Kruopien? y Åsa Stenmarck. 2016. “Benchmarking Approaches and Methods in the Field of Urban Waste Management”. Journal of Cleaner Production 112: 4377-4386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.065.
Liegeard, Julie, y Louise Manning. 2020. “Use of Intelligent Applications to Reduce Household Food Waste”. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 60 (6): 1048-1061. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1556580.
Lim, Veranika, Mathias Funk, Lucio Marcenaro, Carlo Regazzoni y Matthias Rauterberg. 2017. “Designing for Action: An Evaluation of Social Recipes in Reducing Food Waste”. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 100: 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.12.005.
Lipinski, Brian, Craig Hanson, James Lomax, Lisa Kitinoja, Richard Waite y Tim Searchinger. 2013. Reducing Food Loss and Waste: Creating a Sustainable Food Future. Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute. https://bit.ly/3jsnHDY.
Manzocco, Lara, Marilisa Alongi, Sandro Sillani y Maria Cristina Nicoli. 2016. “Technological and Consumer Strategies to Tackle Food Wasting”. Food Engineering Reviews 8 (4): 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-016-9149-z.
Moya, Diego, Clay Aldás, David Jaramillo, Esteban Játiva y Prasad Kaparaju. 2017. “Waste-To-Energy Technologies: An Opportunity of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste, Using Quito-Ecuador as Case Study”. Energy Procedia 134: 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.537.
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. 2014. Situación económica y productiva del DMQ. Quito: Municipio de Quito. https://bit.ly/3HItMpd.
---. 2021. Diagnóstico estratégico del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Quito: DMQ Quito.
Nanda, Sonil, y Franco Berruti. 2020. “Municipal Solid Waste Management and Landfilling Technologies: A Review”. Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 (2): 1433-1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01100-y.
Oña-Serrano, Xavier, Oswaldo Viteri-Salazar, Juan José Cadillo Benalcázar y Xavier Buenaño Guerra. 2022. “Caracterización de los residuos sólidos urbanos y desperdicios de alimentos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito”. Revista Iberoamericana Ambiente & Sustentabilidad 5: 2-18. https://doi.org/10.46380/rias.v5.e230.
Panel de Expertos de Alto Nivel (HLPE). 2014. Food Losses and Waste in the Context of Sustainable Food Systems. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Roma: FAO. https://bit.ly/3ZD1hPT.
Poma, Paulina, Marco Usca, María Polanco, Theofilos Toulkeridis y Carlos Mestanza-Ramón. 2021. “Estimation of Biogas Generated in Two Landfills in South-Central Ecuador”. Atmosphere 12 (10): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101365.
Porat, Ron, Amnon Lichter, Leon Terry, Roger Harker y Jean Buzby. 2018. “Postharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetables During Retail and in Consumers’ Homes: Quantifications, Causes, and Means of Prevention”. Postharvest Biology and Technology 139: 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.11.019.
Principato, Ludovica, Giovanni Mattia, Alessio Di Leo y Carlo Alberto Pratesi. 2020. “The Household Wasteful Behaviour Framework: A Systematic Review of Consumer Food Waste”. Industrial Marketing Management 93: 641-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.07.010.
Quested, Tom, D. Parry, S. Easteal y R. Swannell. 2011. “Food and Drink Waste from Households in the UK”. Nutrition Bulletin 36 (4): 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01924.x.
Rondón, Estefani, Marcel Szantó, Juan Pacheco, Eduardo Contreras y Alejandro Gálvez. 2016. Guía general para la gestión de residuos sólidos domiciliarios. Santiago: ONU. https://bit.ly/41mLd6k.
Roodhuyzen, Daphne, Pieternel Luning, Vincenzo Fogliano y Bea Steenbekkers. 2017. “Putting Together the Puzzle of Consumer Food Waste: Towards an Integral Perspective”. Trends in Food Science & Technology 68: 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.009.
Roscino, Annarita, y Alessio Pollice. 2006. “A Generalization of the Polychoric Correlation Coefficient”. En Data Analysis, Classification and the Forward Search, editado por Sergio Zani, Andrea Ceroli, Marco Riani y Maurizio Vichi, 135-142. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35978-8_16.
Secondi, Luca, Ludovica Principato y Tiziana Laureti. 2015. “Household Food Waste Behaviour in EU-27 Countries: A Multilevel Analysis”. Food Policy 56: 25-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.07.007.
Secretaría de Ambiente del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. 2015. Plan maestro de gestión integral de residuos del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito: Quito: Secretaría de Ambiente. https://bit.ly/3y64DyZ.
Serrano-Tovar, Tarik, y Mario Giampietro. 2014. “Multi-scale Integrated Analysis of Rural Laos: Studying Metabolic Patterns of Land Uses Across Different Levels and Scales”. Land Use Policy 36: 155-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.003.
Soliz, María Fernanda, Juan Durango, José Solano y Milena Yépez. 2020. Cartografía de los residuos sólidos en Ecuador. Quito: UASB-E. https://bit.ly/3Zbzhm4.
Spang, Edward, Laura Moreno, Sara Pace, Yigal Achmon, Irwin Donis-Gonzalez, Wendi Gosliner, Madison Jablonski-Sheffield, Md Abdul Momin, Tom Quested, Kiara Winans y Thomas Tomich. 2019. “Food Loss and Waste: Measurement, Drivers, and Solutions”. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44 (1): 117-156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718033228.
Stangherlin, Isadora, y Marcia Dutra. 2018. “Drivers and Barriers to Food Waste Reduction”. British Food Journal 120 (10): 2364-2387. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2017-0726.
Tchobanoglous, George, Hilary Theisen y Samuel Vigil. 1994. Gestión integral de residuos sólidos. Madrid: McGraw-Hill. https://bit.ly/3ZBwenC.
Turcott, Dolores, Ana López, Miguel Cuartas y Amaya Lobo. 2018. “Using Indicators as a
Tool to Evaluate Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Critical Review”. Waste Manag 80: 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.046.
Verma, Jay Prakash. 2013. “Chi-Square Test and Its Application”. En Data Analysis in Management with SPSS Software, editado por Jay P. Verma, 69-101. Nueva Delhi: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0786-3_3.
Verma, Monika, Christine Plaisier, Coen Van Wagenberg y Thom Achterbosch. 2019. “A Systems Approach to Food Loss and Solutions: Understanding Practices, Causes, and Indicators”. Sustainability 11 (3): 102-120. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030579.
