Transgender prisons as a declaration of individual freedom within the criminal justice system in Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32719/26312484.2019.32.9Keywords:
Transgender, transphobia, criminal justice system, heteronormativity, cisnormativityAbstract
The fight towards equality for LGBTI groups in the country has made a lot of progress in the past few years. However, a brief overview to the current legal framework, including public policies within the criminal justice system and the rehabilitation system, persuades to believe that what has been achieved so far, has longed overlooked a differential and fair treatment within prisons. Likewise, academic research about transgender people inside the prison system are scarce, and for the Ecuadorian case, it can be argued are almost inexistent. It is a realm that has escaped the government’s view. Gender identity and respect towards individual sexuality have been actively promoted from the OC-24/17, which also reflects itself to the criminological context into the prison system in Ecuador. This essay will try to confront this reality and make some space to debate.
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References
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Posada Kubissa, Luisa. “El ‘género’, Foucault y algunas tensiones feministas”. Estudios de Filosofía, n.º 52 (2015).
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Reality Check team. “How many transgender inmates are there?”. BBC.com. 2018. Disponible en ‹https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629›.
Routh, Douglas, Gassan Abess, David Makin, Mary Stohr, Craig Hemmens y Jihye Yoo. “Transgender Inmates in Prisons: A Review of Applicable Statutes and Policies”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61, n.º 6 (2015).
Sozzo, Máximo, compilador. Postneoliberalismo y penalidad en América del Sur. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2016.
Ugelvik, Thomas, Jane Dullum y ProQuest. Penal Exceptionalism? Nordic Prison Policy and Practice. London: Routledge, 2012.
Wacquant, Loi?c. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Politics, History, and Culture). Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
World Bank. “GINI Index (World Bank Estimate)”. Worldbank.Org. 2019. Disponible en ‹https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=EC›.
BBC News. “First UK Transgender Prison Unit to Open”. BBC.com. 2019. Disponible en ‹https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47434730›.
––. “Do Trans Rights Affect Women’s Rights?”. BBC.com. 2017. Disponible en ‹https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40713645›.
Beard, Jaqueline. “Transgender Prisoners”. House of Commons Library. 2018. Disponible en ‹http://www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library›.
Camacho, Gloria. La violencia de género contra las mujeres en el Ecuador: Análisis de los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Familiares y Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres. Quito, 2014. Disponible en ‹https://www.unicef.org/ecuador/Violencia_de_Gnero.pdf›.
Connel, Raewyn. “Transsexual Women and Feminist Thought: Toward New Understanding and New Politics”. Signs 37, n.º 4 (2012).
Correctional Service Canada. Interim Policy Bulletin 584 Bill C-16 (Gender Identity or Expression). 2018. Disponible en ‹https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/acts-and-regulations/584-pben.shtml›.
Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Opinión Consultiva OC-24/17 “Identidad de género, e igualdad y no discriminación a parejas del mismo sexo”, 2017.
Diario El Universo. “Hay 36 mil privados de libertad en el Ecuador”. ElUniverso.com. 2017. Disponible en ‹https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2017/09/30/nota/6406747/hay-36-milprivados-libertad-pais›.
Downes, David, y Kirstine Hansen. “Welfare and punishment in comparative perspective”. En Sarah Armstrong y Lesley McAra, Perspectives on Punishment: The Contours of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Garland, David. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
Gentlewarrior, Sabrina, y Kim Fountain. “Culturally Competent Service Provision to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Survivors Of Sexual Violence”. National Online Resource Center On Violence Against Women. 2009. Disponible en ‹https://vawnet.org/sites/default/files/materials/files/2016-09/AR_LGBTSexualViolence.pdf›.
Harris, Kathleen. “Canada’s Prison System Overhauls Transgender Inmate Policy”. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2018. Disponible en ‹https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-inmates-csc-policy-1.4512510›.
Institute for Criminal Policy Research. “World Prison Brief”. Prisonstudies.org. 2018. Disponible en ‹http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/ecuador›.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Estudio de caso sobre condiciones de vida, inclusión social y cumplimiento de Derechos Humanos de la población LGBTI en el Ecuador. Quito, 2013.
Iturralde, Manuel. “Neoliberalism and Its Impact on Latin American Crime Control Fields”. Theoretical Criminology. 2018. ‹doi:10.1177/1362480618756362›.
Jauk, Daniela. “Gender Violence Revisited: Lessons from Violent Victimization of Transgender Identified Individuals”. Sexualities 16, n.º 7 (2013).
Jennes, Valerie, y Sarah Fenstermaker. “Agnes Goes to Prison: Gender Authenticity, Transgender Inmates in Prisons for Men, and Pursuit of ‘The Real Deal’”. Gender & Society 28 (1) (SAGE Publications, 2013).
Jones, Laura, y Michael Brookes. “Transgender Offenders: A Literature Review”. Prison Service Journal 206 (2013).
Kappos, Natalia. “The Perceived Treatment of Transgender People In The Norwegian Criminal Justice System”. Postgraduate Dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2018.
McElroy, Justin. “Transgender Rights Supported by Most Canadians, Poll Finds”. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2016. Disponible en ‹https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/canada-transgender-rights-1.3750829›.
Ministry of Justice. Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales. London, 2018. Disponible en ‹https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/750698/omsq-bulletin-2018 q2.pdf›.
Monro, Surya, y Lorna Warren. “Transgendering Citizenship”. Sexualities 7 (3), (2004).
Moore, Diane. “Harvard Divinity School: Johan Galtung: Direct, Structural, And Cultural Forms of Violence and Peace”. HarvardX. 2015. Disponible en ‹https://courses.edx.org/courses/course v1:HarvardX+HDS3221.1x+1T2016/courseware/40b76083106948b6b7f663f6e15a6b7d/b3f787dbb3ac4477b41175dbcb445f90/5?activate_block_id=block-v1%3AHarvardX%2BHDS3221.1x%2B1T2016%2Btype%40html%2Bblock%407b12a39322ea 4e33beec018cecf3069b›.
Moreno, Rodrigo. “The archetype of punitiveness in the Ecuadorian penal system: Neoliberalism and Punishment?”. Postgraduate Dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2018.
National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC). Research Brief: Sexual violence and individuals who identify as LGBTQ. 2012. Disponible en ‹https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/ files/Publications_NSVRC_Research-Brief_Sexual-Violence-LGBTQ.pdf›.
Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (OHCHR). Resolución 17/19, A/66/53. Derechos humanos, orientación sexual e identidad de género. 2011.
Paladines, Jorge. “La ‘mano dura’ de la Revolución Ciudadana”. En Posneoliberalismo y penalidad en América del Sur, compilado por Máximo Sozzo. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2016.
Posada Kubissa, Luisa. “El ‘género’, Foucault y algunas tensiones feministas”. Estudios de Filosofía, n.º 52 (2015).
Principios de Yogyakarta-Principio 9. Yogyakartaprinciples.Org. 2007. Disponible en ‹http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/principle-9-sp/›.
Reality Check team. “How many transgender inmates are there?”. BBC.com. 2018. Disponible en ‹https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629›.
Routh, Douglas, Gassan Abess, David Makin, Mary Stohr, Craig Hemmens y Jihye Yoo. “Transgender Inmates in Prisons: A Review of Applicable Statutes and Policies”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61, n.º 6 (2015).
Sozzo, Máximo, compilador. Postneoliberalismo y penalidad en América del Sur. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2016.
Ugelvik, Thomas, Jane Dullum y ProQuest. Penal Exceptionalism? Nordic Prison Policy and Practice. London: Routledge, 2012.
Wacquant, Loi?c. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Politics, History, and Culture). Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
World Bank. “GINI Index (World Bank Estimate)”. Worldbank.Org. 2019. Disponible en ‹https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=EC›.
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Published
2019-11-11
How to Cite
Moreno, R. (2019). Transgender prisons as a declaration of individual freedom within the criminal justice system in Ecuador. Foro: Law Journal, (32), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.32719/26312484.2019.32.9
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