France-Led Security Balancing against NATO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32719/26312549.2021.21.4Palabras clave:
PESCO, E12, Macron, NATO, Francia, seguridad, autonomíaResumen
La tan debatida cuestión de la pertinencia de la OTAN tras el final de la Guerra Fría reaparece debido a los crecientes desacuerdos entre Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU.) y la Unión Europea (UE). La búsqueda de autonomía estratégica de los países europeos
liderados por Francia lleva a cuestionar la alianza transatlántica. Este cuestionamiento se ha hecho visible especialmente tras la elección del presidente estadounidense Donald Trump, quien expresó sus dudas sobre la relevancia de la OTAN. Mientras Estados Unidos se desentiende de las cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad europea, los países europeos buscan vías para encontrar una política común de seguridad y defensa. El presidente francés Emmanuel Macron ha presentado varias iniciativas, como la Estructura Permanente de Cooperación (PESCO), cuyo objetivo es coordinar y profundizar la cooperación en materia de defensa entre los países miembros de la UE, y la Iniciativa Europea de Intervención (EI2), que comparte los objetivos de la PESCO, pero opera fuera del marco de la UE. Aunque estas iniciativas se denominan oficialmente “estructuras complementarias de la OTAN”, reflejan el deseo de Europa de liberarse del paraguas de seguridad estadounidense y convertirse en un organismo independiente en la política mundial. Francia, que tradicionalmente ha recelado del dominio de la seguridad estadounidense sobre Europa, está tomando la iniciativa en la estructuración de las instituciones europeas de seguridad y en la fusión de los intereses franceses con los europeos.
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