Olas de calor, envejecimiento y accesibilidad térmica: una propuesta teórica desde la gerontología ambiental
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Las olas de calor se han intensificado como riesgo climático y determinante estructural de salud, con efectos desproporcionados sobre poblaciones envejecidas. Aunque la vulnerabilidad térmica en la vejez se ha explicado principalmente desde la fisiología del envejecimiento, este énfasis tiende a subestimar el papel de los entornos en los que transcurre la vida cotidiana y las desigualdades territoriales que condicionan la exposición y la capacidad de respuesta. Este artículo propone el concepto de accesibilidad térmica desde la gerontología ambiental como una categoría analítica para comprender la capacidad efectiva del sistema persona–entorno para regular la exposición al calor y sostener la funcionalidad cotidiana durante episodios de calor extremo. Se plantea un modelo teórico integrador en el que el calor se conceptualiza como estresor ambiental acumulativo y la accesibilidad térmica actúa como mecanismo mediador central entre demandas térmicas del entorno, competencia funcional y trayectorias de envejecimiento. El modelo incorpora dimensiones multiescalares (vivienda, tecnología e información, entorno comunitario/territorial y temporalidad de la exposición) y deriva proposiciones teóricas orientadas a guiar la operacionalización empírica del constructo y el diseño de políticas de adaptación climática sensibles al envejecimiento. Se concluye que garantizar entornos térmicamente accesibles constituye una condición material para la protección de derechos en la vejez y requiere intervenciones estructurales intersectoriales en salud, vivienda, servicios sociales y planificación territorial.
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Chen, Jifei, y Laurence Delina. "Understanding the Impacts of Extreme Heat on the Mental Well-Being of Older Adults: A Systematic Review". Environmental Research Communications 7, n.° 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada735.
De Farias, Miriam, Virginia Dantas y Eduardo Silveira. "No calor da idade: Parametros de conforto termico para idosos residentes em localidade do semiarido paraibano". Ambiente Construido 20, n.° 2 (2020): 135-49. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-86212020000200392.
De Gea, Pablo. "Trabajo social ante la crisis climática: Análisis teórico del impacto del calor extremo en las personas mayores". Trabajo Social Hoy 104 (2025): 135-51. https://n9.cl/le3mc.
De Gea, Pablo, Lorena Gallardo y Diego Sánchez. "Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Impacts of Heatwaves on Older Adults in Rural Spain from the Perspective of Environmental Gerontology: An Integrative Analytical Framework of Vulnerability". Journal of Gerontological Social Work (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2025.2588163.
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Hassani, Amirhossein, Barbara Jancewicz, Malgorzata Wrotek, Franciszek Chwalczyk y Nuria Castell. "Understanding Thermal Comfort Expectations in Older Adults: The Role of Long-Term Thermal History". Building and Environment 263 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111900.
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Ji, Tongtong, Tao Zhang y Hiroatsu Fukuda. "Thermal Comfort Research on the Rural Elderly in the Guanzhong Region: A Comparative Analysis Based on Age Stratification of Residential Environments". Sustainability 16, n.° 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146101.
Kahana, Eva, Loren Lovegreen, Boaz Kahana y Michael Kahana. "Person, Environment, and Person-Environment Fit as Influences on Residential Satisfaction of Elders". Environment and Behavior 35, n.° 3 (2003): 434-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035003007.
Kain, Nichole. "Aging in Place with a Warming Climate: Housing Policy and Design for Aging with Extreme Heat". Innovation in Aging 8, supl. 1 (2024): 1182. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.3786.
Kim, Yoon-Jung, Chan Park, Dong-Kun Lee y Tae-Yoon Park. "Connecting Public Health with Urban Planning: Allocating Walkable Cooling Shelters Considering Older People". Landscape Ecology and Engineering 19 (2023): 257-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-023-00543-z.
Kohon, Jacklyn, Katsuya Tanaka, Dani Himes, Eiji Toda, Paula Carder y Bryant Carlson. "Extreme Heat Vulnerability among Older Adults: A Multilevel Risk Index for Portland, Oregon". Innovation in Aging 7, supl. 1 (2023): 302. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1003.
Lamberti, Alicia. "Derechos de la naturaleza y justicia ecológica intergeneracional". Prometeica. Revista de Filosofía y Ciencias 18 (2019): 13-23. https://doi.org/10.24316/prometeica.v0i18.245.
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Levy, Sheri, Meroona Gopang, Luisa Ramírez, Allan Bernardo, Martin Ruck y Anni Sternisko. "A Human Rights-Based Approach to Climate Injustices at the Local, National, and International Levels: Program and Policy Recommendations". Social Issues and Policy Review 18 (2024): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12103.
Li, Jianong, Jiawei Wang y Jianlei Niu. "Elderly Residents' Uses of Fragmented Outdoor Spaces in Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong: Decoding Causality and Heat-Risk Exposure". Building and Environment 245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110912.
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Marx, Werner, Robin Haunschild y Lutz Bornmann. "Heat Waves: A Hot Topic in Climate Change Research". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 146 (2021): 781-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03758-y.
Mashhoodi, Bardia, y Dena Kasraian. "Heatwave Exposure Inequality: An Urban-Rural Comparison of Environmental Justice". Applied Geography 164 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103216.
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Meade, Robert, Ashley Akerman, Sean Notley, Ryan McGinn, Paul Poirier, Pierre Gosselin y Glen Kenny. "Physiological Factors Characterizing Heat-Vulnerable Older Adults: A Narrative Review". Environment International 144, n.° 78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105909.
Mehiriz, Kaddour, Pierre Gosselin, Isabelle Tardif y Marc-André Lemieux. "The Effect of an Automated Phone Warning and Health Advisory System on Adaptation to High Heat Episodes and Health Services Use in Vulnerable Groups: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n.° 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081581.
Millyard, Alison, Joe Layden, David Pyne, Andrew Edwards y Saul Bloxham. "Impairments to Thermoregulation in the Elderly during Heat Exposure Events". Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721420932432.
Molinsky, Jennifer, y Ann Forsyth. "Climate Change, Aging, and Well-Being: How Residential Setting Matters". Housing Policy Debate 33, n.° 5 (2022): 1029-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711.
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Navarrete, Camila, y José Sandoval. "Vulnerability and Adaptive Skills of Older People in the Face of Climate Change: A Systematic Review". Interamerican Journal of Psychology 58, n.° 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v58i2.1840.
Nguyen, Kien, H. D. Nguyen, Anh Thu Dang, Phong Thai, Chau Tran y Dung Phung. "Reducing Consequences of Extreme Heat: The Role of Weather Information Access". Dialogues in Health 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100177.
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Pallubinsky, Hannah, Rick Kramer y Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt. "Establishing Resilience in Times of Climate Change: A Perspective on Humans and Buildings". Climatic Change 176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03614-0.
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Ballester, Joan, Marcos Quijal, Raúl Méndez, Ferrán Pegenaute, François Herrmann, Jean-Marie Robine, Xavier Basagaña, Cathryn Tonne, Josep Antó y Hicham Achebak. "Heat-Related Mortality in Europe during the Summer of 2022". Nature Medicine 29, n.° 7 (2023): 1857-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z.
Baquero, María Teresa. "Salud urbana, confort térmico y acústico en espacios públicos exteriores, en el marco de las ciudades amigables con los mayores". Cuadernos de Investigación Urbanística 135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2021.135.4598.
Braubach, Matthias. "Benefits of Environmental Inequality Assessments for Action". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 67 (2013): 625-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201390.
Chen, Jifei, y Laurence Delina. "Understanding the Impacts of Extreme Heat on the Mental Well-Being of Older Adults: A Systematic Review". Environmental Research Communications 7, n.° 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada735.
De Farias, Miriam, Virginia Dantas y Eduardo Silveira. "No calor da idade: Parametros de conforto termico para idosos residentes em localidade do semiarido paraibano". Ambiente Construido 20, n.° 2 (2020): 135-49. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-86212020000200392.
De Gea, Pablo. "Trabajo social ante la crisis climática: Análisis teórico del impacto del calor extremo en las personas mayores". Trabajo Social Hoy 104 (2025): 135-51. https://n9.cl/le3mc.
De Gea, Pablo, Lorena Gallardo y Diego Sánchez. "Physical, Psychological, and Behavioral Impacts of Heatwaves on Older Adults in Rural Spain from the Perspective of Environmental Gerontology: An Integrative Analytical Framework of Vulnerability". Journal of Gerontological Social Work (2025). https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2025.2588163.
De Gea, Pablo, Diego Sánchez y Lorena Gallardo. "Urban and Rural Environments and Their Implications for Older Adults' Adaptation to Heat Waves: A Systematic Review". Land 13, n.° 9 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091378.
Doherty, Fiona, Smitha Rao, Anthony Traver y Holly Dabelko-Schoeny. "Extreme Heat Preparedness and Coping among Older Adults: A Rapid Review". PLOS Climate 4, n.° 8 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000689.
Fastl, Christina, Arne Arnberger, Vera Gallistl, Viktoria Stein y Thomas Dorner. "Heat Vulnerability: Health Impacts of Heat on Older People in Urban and Rural Areas in Europe". Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 136, n.° 17-18 (2024): 507-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-024-02419-0.
García, Miguel Ángel, Miguel Ángel Esteban, Isabel Saz y Sara Anés. "Depopulation and Residential Dynamics in Teruel (Spain): Sustainable Housing in Rural Areas". Urban Science 8, n.° 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030110.
Hamstead, Zoé. "Thermal Insecurity: Violence of Heat and Cold in the Urban Climate Refuge". Urban Studies 61, n.° 3 (2024): 531-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231184466.
Haq, Gary, y Gloria Gutman. "Climate Gerontology: Meeting the Challenge of Population Ageing and Climate Change". Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 47 (2014): 462-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-014-0677-y.
Hasan, Fariha, Shayan Marsia, Kajal Patel, Priyanka Agrawal y Junaid Razzak. "Effective Community-Based Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Heat-Related Illnesses: A Scoping Review". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.° 16 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168362.
Hassani, Amirhossein, Barbara Jancewicz, Malgorzata Wrotek, Franciszek Chwalczyk y Nuria Castell. "Understanding Thermal Comfort Expectations in Older Adults: The Role of Long-Term Thermal History". Building and Environment 263 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111900.
Huang, Jianxiang, Yang Chen, Phil Jones y Tongping Hao. "Heat Stress and Outdoor Activities in Open Spaces of Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong: A Perspective of the Elderly Community". Indoor and Built Environment 31, n.° 6 (2020): 1447-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20950448.
Hughes, Caroline, y Sukumar Natarajan. "Summer Thermal Comfort and Overheating in the Elderly". Building Services Engineering Research & Technology 40, n.° 4 (2019): 426-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624419844518.
IPCC. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Jansen, Sylvia. "Place Attachment, Distress, Risk Perception, and Coping in a Case of Earthquakes in the Netherlands". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 35, n.° 2 (2020): 407-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09706-7.
Ji, Tongtong, Tao Zhang y Hiroatsu Fukuda. "Thermal Comfort Research on the Rural Elderly in the Guanzhong Region: A Comparative Analysis Based on Age Stratification of Residential Environments". Sustainability 16, n.° 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146101.
Kahana, Eva, Loren Lovegreen, Boaz Kahana y Michael Kahana. "Person, Environment, and Person-Environment Fit as Influences on Residential Satisfaction of Elders". Environment and Behavior 35, n.° 3 (2003): 434-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503035003007.
Kain, Nichole. "Aging in Place with a Warming Climate: Housing Policy and Design for Aging with Extreme Heat". Innovation in Aging 8, supl. 1 (2024): 1182. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.3786.
Kim, Yoon-Jung, Chan Park, Dong-Kun Lee y Tae-Yoon Park. "Connecting Public Health with Urban Planning: Allocating Walkable Cooling Shelters Considering Older People". Landscape Ecology and Engineering 19 (2023): 257-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-023-00543-z.
Kohon, Jacklyn, Katsuya Tanaka, Dani Himes, Eiji Toda, Paula Carder y Bryant Carlson. "Extreme Heat Vulnerability among Older Adults: A Multilevel Risk Index for Portland, Oregon". Innovation in Aging 7, supl. 1 (2023): 302. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1003.
Lamberti, Alicia. "Derechos de la naturaleza y justicia ecológica intergeneracional". Prometeica. Revista de Filosofía y Ciencias 18 (2019): 13-23. https://doi.org/10.24316/prometeica.v0i18.245.
Lawton, M. Powell, y Lucille Nahemow. "Ecology and the Aging Process". En The Psychology of Adult Development and Aging, editado por Carl Eisdorfer y M. Powell Lawton, 619-74. Washington DC: APA, 1973. https://doi.org/10.1037/10044-020.
Levy, Sheri, Meroona Gopang, Luisa Ramírez, Allan Bernardo, Martin Ruck y Anni Sternisko. "A Human Rights-Based Approach to Climate Injustices at the Local, National, and International Levels: Program and Policy Recommendations". Social Issues and Policy Review 18 (2024): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12103.
Li, Jianong, Jiawei Wang y Jianlei Niu. "Elderly Residents' Uses of Fragmented Outdoor Spaces in Public Housing Estates in Hong Kong: Decoding Causality and Heat-Risk Exposure". Building and Environment 245 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110912.
Maller, Cecily, y Yolande Strengers. "Housing, Heat Stress and Health in a Changing Climate: Promoting the Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable Households, a Suggested Way Forward". Health Promotion International 26, n.° 4 (2011): 492-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar003.
Mancilla, Alejandra, y Patrik Baard. "Climate Justice and Territory". WIREs Climate Change 15, n.° 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.870.
Marx, Werner, Robin Haunschild y Lutz Bornmann. "Heat Waves: A Hot Topic in Climate Change Research". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 146 (2021): 781-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03758-y.
Mashhoodi, Bardia, y Dena Kasraian. "Heatwave Exposure Inequality: An Urban-Rural Comparison of Environmental Justice". Applied Geography 164 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103216.
Matzarakis, Andreas, y Christos Giannaros. "Toward the Next-Generation of Heat-Health Warning Systems and Action Plans". Atmosphere 16, n.° 8 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080938.
Meade, Robert, Ashley Akerman, Sean Notley, Ryan McGinn, Paul Poirier, Pierre Gosselin y Glen Kenny. "Physiological Factors Characterizing Heat-Vulnerable Older Adults: A Narrative Review". Environment International 144, n.° 78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105909.
Mehiriz, Kaddour, Pierre Gosselin, Isabelle Tardif y Marc-André Lemieux. "The Effect of an Automated Phone Warning and Health Advisory System on Adaptation to High Heat Episodes and Health Services Use in Vulnerable Groups: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n.° 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081581.
Millyard, Alison, Joe Layden, David Pyne, Andrew Edwards y Saul Bloxham. "Impairments to Thermoregulation in the Elderly during Heat Exposure Events". Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721420932432.
Molinsky, Jennifer, y Ann Forsyth. "Climate Change, Aging, and Well-Being: How Residential Setting Matters". Housing Policy Debate 33, n.° 5 (2022): 1029-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711.
Morganti, Francesca. "Longevity as a Responsibility: Constructing Healthy Aging by Enacting within Contexts over the Entire Lifespan". Geriatrics 9, n.° 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9040093.
Navarrete, Camila, y José Sandoval. "Vulnerability and Adaptive Skills of Older People in the Face of Climate Change: A Systematic Review". Interamerican Journal of Psychology 58, n.° 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v58i2.1840.
Nguyen, Kien, H. D. Nguyen, Anh Thu Dang, Phong Thai, Chau Tran y Dung Phung. "Reducing Consequences of Extreme Heat: The Role of Weather Information Access". Dialogues in Health 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100177.
Oswald, Frank. "Rethinking the Place of Place for Aging: Enduring and New Challenges for Environmental Gerontology". Innovation in Aging 8, supl. 1 (2024): 394. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.1281.
Pallubinsky, Hannah, Rick Kramer y Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt. "Establishing Resilience in Times of Climate Change: A Perspective on Humans and Buildings". Climatic Change 176 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03614-0.
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